7/26/2009

败家新MAC

. .随着我的IBM T41的主板老化,系统蓝屏的频率越来越高!终于忍不住,入手MAC BOOK 466。尽管明知道6.9会有WWDC大会,会发布新的IPhone 3GS,但是还是在6.4按耐不住出手了(结果6.9的WWDC大会上发布升级版本的MBP,并且保持价格不变,我的旧款第二天直接跌价1K)。不过没有什么后悔的,466的性能和新款990基本上保持持平。990不能换电池,传说续航时间能提高到7个小时,对于我来说没有太多的吸引力。990唯一的优点是有了键盘灯,这个要在467上才能有的东西特别炫,黑夜中有一种特别的效果,我也只能忍了!
. .入手MAC一个多月,觉得麦金塔系统还是很不错的!基本上我很少进windows,连上SAP都可以在麦金塔下开JAVA GUI。除了网上银行,和QQ视频(据说下一代MAC 下QQ就会有)以外,所有的windows常用软件基本上都能在MAC系统下很好的实现。MAC还带来很多新的意外惊喜,这个是windows很难企及的。Cross Over这个软件很强大,实现了MAC 下的迅雷(下载BT的速度不逊色于windows)和IE 8.0(有点中文乱码,很少用),解决了很大的一个下载需求。不过,对于新手来说,摸索mac系统还是有一定的难度。
. .MAC很强大,投资需谨慎!

夜探Bird's Nest & Water Cube





三里屯apple店





MAC下翻墙成功,i am back!

MAC 系统下,一个叫Hotspot Shield的翻墙软件,终于让我2个月后,回来了!安装后直接双击打开就可以了,无需其他配置,正常打开youtube,Twitter,blogspot等站点。至于原理我还不清楚,估计是动态切换代理IP的,显示绿灯就代表可以成功翻墙了。还有windows版本哦!

5/22/2009

跨公司代码或者集团传输供应商

sap提供标准的传输供应商的功能,用Fk15,FK16,SM35实现。

打开t-code:FK15,你可以选择直接传送(不同的公司代码)还是跨client传送。如果直接传送到不同的公司代码,就不需要用到Fk16,用sm35完成批处理任务就行了。跨client的传送,需要输入文件名。

再在目标client打开FK16,接受你刚才输入文件名的传送,执行后进入sm35完成批处理任务。

5/21/2009

ERS

1.ERS的概念

ERS意思就是EVALUATED RECEIPT SETTLEMENT估价收货结算。

2.实现ERS要满足的5个前提条件

2.1供应商主数据:采购视图,ERS delivery indicator must be set

2.2供应商主数据:采购视图,a term of payment key that propose a baseline data must be selected

2.3采购订单行项目PO ITEM,The GR-Based Inv Verif(就是基于收货的发票校验) indicator must be set

2.4采购订单行项目PO ITEM:The ERS indicator must be set

2.5采购订单行项目PO ITEM:A tax code must be specified.采购订单行项目税率必须确定

3。ERS的3条优点RES has the following advantages:

3.1Purchasing transaction are completed quicker加快完成采购交易

3.2Data transfer errors can be avoided避免发生数据传输错误

3.3Quantity and price variances do not occur in invoice verfication数量和价格差异不会出现在发票校验中

4注意事项:你不能使用ERS处理交货成本

Caution: You cannot use ERS to settle delivery costs.

5/20/2009

Interview Questions on SAP MM


1. What are the types of special stocks available?
Subcontracting, consignement, pipeline, project, sales order, RTP, stock transfer ,third party.
2. What are the types of inforecords?
Standard, consignment,subcontracting & pipeline.
3. What is meant by consignment stock?
The stock supplied by the vendor is in the companies premises with the company having no liability for the same. The liability for the company will only be affected when the goods are issued from the consignment stock for use.
4. What are the steps involved in consignment cycle?
Create consignment info record with proper tax code, create Po with item category K, maintain output condition record for KONS, process GR, no invoice verification done, but settlement is done through MRKO transaction.
5. Tell me about the subcontracting cycle.
The Po is created with item category L , the goods is transferred to subcontractor by 541 movemet. for this movement note no accounting docs take place. When GR is done automatically, 543 movemnt takes place which take care of the consumption of components from stock.
6. How are the byproducts taken care of in subcontracting?
You can add these by products in the BOM for the header matl.
7. What is meant by scales?
Can scales be used in standard purchase order? You can fix a price in the info record for a say qty from 1-100 price RS150 & if the order qty is 101- 500- the prices is 140 . Scales cannot be used directly in PO but can be pulled into the PO from various master data like info record, quota arrangement.
8. What is the difference between a contract and a scheduling agreement?
With regard to Outline Agreement:
1. You can create the centrally contract (cross-plant) where you can maintain different pricing conditions for each and every plant
2. You have to create the Release Order with reference to Outline Agreement.
3. No detailed delivery schedule can be made in the Release Order.
4. No Release documentation is created.
5. Only time-dependent conditions can be created.
6. Some Item Category 'M' and 'W' can be used.
With regard to Scheduling Agreement:
1. The Plant Location must be entered in the Scheduling Agreement.
2. We do not have to create any other purchasing document except for delivery schedule line via Transaction ME38 or MRP running (with the appropriate setting of Source List).
3. Delivery Schedule line items are created subject to your specific requirement.
4. Can create both Scheduling Agreement with and without Release Documentation (subject to the Document Type LP or LPA) with the selection of either FRC or JIT delivery schedule.
5. Either time-dependent or time-independent conditions can be created subject to the customizing in the Document Type of the Scheduling Agreement.
6. Item Category 'M' and 'W' can not be used.
9. How does the system calculate taxes?
10. How does the system calculate nondeductible taxes?
11. What is meant by batches? How can the batches be searched?
A batch is a subdivision of your stock of a material having the same characteristics.
For instance:
- food production uses batches to indicate the day of production.
- paint production uses batches based on production date and the used ingredients. It is very hard to reproduce the same color in exactly the same way at two different moments.
- ore may be divided in batches based on their mineral content. You can search batches using the standard search facility (match code, key F4) based on the naming convention of the batches or, if you use batch classification, based on the characteristics of the batches.
12. How is a shelf-life item managed in SAP? What is the full cycle?
13. What are the settings required for quota arrangement?
To set up a quota arrangement for the procurement of a material, proceed as follows:
Master data -> Quota arrangement -> Maintain, enter the material and plant number, press ENTER to display the overview screen for the quota arrangement periods, Enter a validity period for quota arrangement, Enter date until which the quota arrangement is valid. The start date is calculated by the system. Press ENTER .
Select the quota arrangement and choose Goto -> Item overview to display the item overview screen of the quota arrangement. Enter a quota arrangement item for each source of supply you want to include in the quota arrangement.
You must enter the following data.
- Procurement type
- Special procurement type, Enter k in the S column, for example, if a consignment arrangement for the material exists with the vendor.
- Vendor number
- Procurement plant (supplying plant):
- Quota column, enter the quota assigned to each item.
Press ENTER .
The percentage distribution of the quotas is calculated and displayed automatically by the system.
Save the quota arrangement. The system assigns a number to the quota arrangement item automatically
14. What is meant by MRP Type and lot sizing?
15. Can it be configured in such a way that the external requisitions can also be taken into account while MRP runs in consumption-based planning if VB is selected as MRP type?
16. How are free items managed in a PO? yu need to tick the tem as free in the PO. The price will be zero for such PO's.
17. What are the differences between release procedure with classification and release procedure without classification? When are they used?
Release procedure with classification means the Purchase requsition can be released both at item level & at the header level. Release procedure with out classification can also be used for PR which is used for item level release only. all other external documents cannot be relesed with classification. The two procedures are mutually exclusive (that is to say, you must decide in favor of one of them only - you cannot use both).
18. Is it possible to have a release procedure without classification for a PO?
No
19. What is the maximum number of levels available in SAP?
Did not get this question …pls clarify.
20. Is it possible to have scales in a quotation?
No
21. What is GR blocked stock? When it can be used?
Whenever you are not sure about the quality of the product received, you can put in GR blocked stock.
22. How are the variations in subcontracting taken care of in SAP?
23. How to give specifications for developments?
We normally prepare a business requirement document in which we specify what is required. what field & tables have to be referred for the required development.
24. How to create PR or PO by MRP?
The PR is created according to the safety stock mentioned for the material or can be triggered from a requirement . For creating a PO, you need to have the scheduling agreement in place .After the MRP is run the schedule lines are generated which are nothing but the PO.


销售、采购业务外币汇率处理

SAP的多币种功能风传是其一大卖点。SAP屠夫写过若干关于汇率的文章,可惜不是做财务的,看不太懂,下文仅列出我所遇到的关于MM和SD模块的汇率问题。

1、我能想到的几种Currency:local currency, company code currency, account currency, price currency, document currency, posting currency, group currency, parallel currency等等。不甚了了。

2、汇率就是不同币种的转换关系。业务模块涉及到币种及汇率的地方有:定价时的定价货币、单据中的单据货币、财务记账用的记账货币、公司设置的本位币等。他们的关系如下:

  • 定价时:定价货币到单据货币的转换;
  • 过账时:单据货币到本位币的转换;
  • 收付时:付款货币到本位币的转换;

3、极端的情况下,可能会有这样的业务情景:销售或采购业务以美元定价,订单以欧元签订,财务记账用本位币英镑,付款用人民币。那每两步都要用到外币汇率转换。

4、不同币种之间的转换有多种类型,比如买入汇率、卖出汇率、中间汇率等,SAP将之定义成汇率类型。汇率类型用OB07维护。SAP中MM和SD模块涉及到的汇率类型主要有:

  • 欧元区内用的汇率类型EURO
  • 欧元区内与欧元区外用的汇率类型EURX
  • 其他常规公司使用的平均类型M

5、M类型是财务记账用的类型。除非在OBBS中设置了替代类型,前文描述的各种货币之间的转换都按M读取汇率值。汇率值存在表TCURR中,用OB08维护。

6、SAPSD的设计中,允许用户在客户主数据中维护汇率类型,路径是Sales Area Data à Sales à Exch. Rate Type,字段是KNVV-KURST。针对次客户的订单及后续开票都将按照人工维护的汇率类型去读取汇率。如果改字段没有被维护,系统将使用汇率类型M,标准程序LV69AF18中有硬编码。

7、销售订单抬头会计视图有个Exch.rate-acct.字段(VBKD-KURRF),如果被维护,它将被参考到发票(VBRK-KURRF),作为发票记账时的汇率类型。注意,发票中的汇率类型不能修改,仅从订单参考,如果没有被维护,同样也要使用汇率类型M。销售订单中另一个汇率(VBKD-KURSK)用来执行从定价货币到单据货币的汇率转换,在手工修改订单的单据货币时,此汇率将参考客户的汇率类型、定价日期从TCURR中读取汇率作为默认值,手工修改的将优先于此默认值。

8、存货增减GRGI记账都使用本位币,不存在币种间汇率转换问题,其记账值,采用的是成本价(移动平均或标准价)。

9、发票中有两处涉及到汇率的字段,一是第6点说的抬头汇率VBRK-KURRF,它只用于财务记账,即根据此汇率将发票总额转换到本位币,再以这个数字记财务凭证。另一个是行项目汇率VBRP-KURSK,这是用于定价条件的汇率转换,即定价货币到发票货币(可人工设置的单据货币)的转换。VBRP-KURSK的来源受单据到发票的拷贝关系控制,具体字段是TVCPFLP-PFKURTVCPFLP-PFKUR字段可选项有:

  • A - Copy from sales order
  • B - Price exchange rate = Accouting rate
  • C - Exchange rate determination according to billing date
  • D - Exchange rate determination according to pricing date
  • E - Exchange rate determination according to current date
  • F Exchange rate determination according to date of services rendered

例如,如果选择B,行项目的汇率将直接拷贝自抬头的汇率(VBRK-KURRF)。

10、定价中的汇率转换是定价货币到单据货币的转换,转换汇率存储在KOMV-KKURS中,它总是根据定价日期作为限制条件来读取汇率的。

11、汇率表TCURR是跨Client级的,与公司代码无关。读取参数有汇率类型、本币、外币、日期、换算因子(是一比一还是一百比一)。程序LSCUNUXX中含有若干计算汇率的函数,编程时可借来一用:

  • INCLUDE LSCUNU01. "CALCULATE_EXCHANGE_RATE
  • INCLUDE LSCUNU02. "CONVERT_TO_FOREIGN_CURRENCY
  • INCLUDE LSCUNU03. "CONVERT_TO_LOCAL_CURRENCY
  • INCLUDE LSCUNU04. "READ_EXCHANGE_RATE
  • INCLUDE LSCUNU05. "READ_NOTATION
  • INCLUDE LSCUNU06. "KURS_IN_MENGENNOTATION
  • INCLUDE LSCUNU07. "KURS_IN_PREISNOTATION

12、可以在增强里人工干预定价的汇率转换,此增强是RV61AFZBUSEREXIT_XKOMV_BEWERTEN_INIT。这里可以截获更改定价货币时的汇率转换,经测试,销售订单、销售开票、采购订单、采购收票动作都将进入此增强。可用的变量有[X]KMOV[X]KOMP[X]KOMK

13、MM模块中供应商没有类似SD的设计与设置。PO抬头Delivery/Invoice视图可维护PO货币及PO货币与本位币的转换汇率,同时可以将此汇率固定,正常情况下它将作为收票时的汇率。如果手工修改的汇率值与OB08的汇率值不一样,他们的差异将会在GR的会计凭证中体现(IDES中默认记账科目是Foreign currency revaluation lossesIncome from price differences of own goods),差额是新汇率减去默认汇率的值乘以数量再乘以默认汇率(直接汇率时用乘,间接汇率用除)。手工汇率从多于默认汇率和手工汇率少默认汇率记账还不一样。

14、采购收票时可以在抬头Details视图人工指定汇率,前提是PO中没有Fix汇率。要想在MIRO处手工指定汇率,必须先输入汇率再输入PO号码,否则汇率是灰色的。

15、收付款清帐时,可在创建FI凭证时在Currency/Rate字段人工输入从而干预外币汇率。前提是公司代码的设置没有指定默认汇率。

更改有交易记录的物料的Valuation Class

如何更改有交易记录的物料的Valuation Class?
步骤如下:
I.使用MMBE/MM03查看库存,把该物料的库存调为0,可新建一专门的中间物料,使用移动类型309先转移到中间物料,修改完评估类后再转回,如果物料在该工厂多个库存地有库存,注意按照库存地转出先转如中间物料。

II.Tcode:OMT4(或SE16: V_160M)把消息号MM326/MM327改成W,系统默认为物料有Open采购订单和生产工单不允许修改评估类,这个消息号可以修改。

III. MM02或MM17批更改Valuation Class .

MM自动科目确定的配置

IMG-material management- valuation and account assignment-Account determination-Account determination without wizard...
按照顺序一个个配置。
1首先激活valuation grouping code.
2再设定Val.Grpg Code.这个可以设定为相同值或者按照工厂名字来设定,主要是看你是否需要根据不同的工厂设立不同的帐户。
3设定Account category reference. 每一种ARef都能与几种物料类型Material type对应。同时ARef再与valuation class对应。
4再在OBYC中配置帐户信息。每一种业务对应一个Transaction Key.在这个Transaction Key 下有个Valuation Modifacation=Val.Grpg Code. 这个
Valuation Modif. + GeneralModificationKey(GMK)+Valuation Class
就能定义不同的借贷科目。